Who Owns A Small Business - 1453 Words

Entrepreneurs come from all over, of many different types, with many different talents and many different dreams. Not everyone, however, whom owns a small business, is an entrepreneur. We have a dream and we attempt to pursue it, yet end up finding ourselves working twice as hard attempting to make it work because we only trust ourselves. You go into business for yourself but spedn so much time working on the product and doing the chores that you lose sight on the business itself. In fact, according to Gerber, only a select few are true entrepreneurs and for the others it may have existed for a short period of time. From a newcomer’s perspective, one would think of course if they own their own business they are classified as an†¦show more content†¦He uses the example of Sara in the book to relate to the readers, Sarah a woman whom took a love for baking pies and turned it into a job, suffering from what Gerber calls an Entrepreneurial Seizure, took what was a skilled hobby and is now a chore. It begins too much and you can lose sight of what’s really important in order to make room for everything else. This is something Gerber relates to as the technician, by now its clear there’s more to the story. The story unfolds into 3 different types of people, describing it as the technician, the manager, and the entrepreneur. The technician as earlier described is the doer in us, the one who will get it done. The manager is pragmatic, the planning, organizing, order, and predictability stem from this side. The Entrepreneur is the dreamer in us the one who wants to not only get to the finish line but create it as well. The sky is the limit and ideas stem from this side. What does this all mean however? The key is too find yourself in the business, what truly makes you want to create a new life and how you want to live it in the business, how to find a way to get everything you want out of it and even more, and wondering how. There needs to be balance so that the personalities don’t have to clash and drive each other crazy. Looking at where it all starts businesses grows in three phases and there is a distinct message in each. The infancy stage is the owner and the business, without the

The Day After 911 Changes of the United States - 963 Words

â€Å"The Day after 911: Changes of the United States† The Middle East is one of the birthplaces of human kind’s civilization. Since the Ancient Egypt, Sumer, the Arab Empire, Turkey Empire, or even to present day, the Middle East has always been a valuable strategic point for not only because of its geographic location but also it full of petroleum and nature gas. According the OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) that 66% of the global oil reserves are in the Middle East and only 6% in North America, this makes a lot of powerful countries want to share a pieces of the Middle East, Stephen mentions â€Å"Much of the world s oil wealth exists along the Persian Gulf, with particularly large reserves in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait†¦show more content†¦Therefore I can say: After 911, United States had a different perception of the threat to civilization, and this indeed, resulting threat to American civilization. National interests are usually the ma in consideration for the U.S. foreign policy, which can divide into two different parts. First, to protect and prevent American people from any kind of attack, which is the most important and commonly agreed unanimously. Second, helping and maintaining the operation of the U.S. government. To ensure that the interests of national development are not being compromised, Untied States have more aggressively policy to protect its national interests. Some people believe the â€Å"the U.S. will use unrivaled military power to further the global counterterrorism movement and democracy as the core goal of foreign policy. Furthermore, the U.S. hopes that all countries and societies can choose the most advantageous political and economic system to themselves independently, to help those countries which have been used as safe haven by terrorism organizations to get rid of the chaos caused by war and poverty.† Work Cited Baker, Peter and Linzer, Dafina. â€Å"U.S. policy on ‘Axis of Evil’ Suffer Spate of Setback.† The Washington Post, Aug. 17, 2005, p.A01 Huntington, Sameul. The Clash of Civilizations. The Aims of Argument: A Text and Reader. 5th ed. Eds. Timothy Crusius and Carolyn Channell. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005.Show MoreRelatedThe Events Of The War On Terror1024 Words   |  5 Pagesmost vital will be cultural historical viewpoint because it change Americas culture and how the viewed the world in a major way. The next but less prominent is top-down because in this research paper I will be talking about how the people in charge reacted to the events that unfolded in 911 how their decisions shaped the world that is today. These will be the historical viewpoints that will be shown in my research paper. The events of 911 changed America culturally in multiple ways. It also broughtRead MoreThe Bombing Of The United States1058 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced that day with the site of the twin towers being brought down. Because of the hijacked planes, it destroyed many lives as well as the families that lost someone in that tragedy. The United States has changed since September 11th, 2001 because after new changes in airport security was made, deportation rose, and immigration decreased. The United States has changed since September 11th, 2001 because after the incident, new changes in airport security were made. The changes in security wasRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1365 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 11, 2001 or one may say the â€Å"911 â€Å"attack happened on that day. Al Qaeda killed nearly over 3,000 people. The victims were innocent men, women, children, and also people from all different ethnic backgrounds. Who are we, the community to blame responsible for these terrorist attacks? Throughout the years passing by 911 had important factors of change socially, economically and personally. What is terrorism? Not only U.S faces terrorism attacks. Most governments all over the world haveRead MoreU.s. Security Since 9111368 Words   |  6 Pages Changes in U.S. Security Since 911 By Travis Bublitz LA 11 Quarter 3 online May 2015 Then They Were Gone. The twin towers turn into a pile of ash and rubble after two planes disintegrate in the center of both towers. People were running every were to get to out of the ash and smoke fire fighters running in while everyone is running out many not making it back out. From this day on nothing has been the same the people were devastated that it happened and cried out forRead MoreEnduring Physical and Mental Abuse in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs1253 Words   |  6 Pagesabuse from her master and witnessed firsthand how slaves were treated based on the color of their skin. Years of abuse can only be taken for so long, like many other southern slaves in the 1800s Harriet escaped to the North in hopes for a better life. After hiding in an attic for several years, Harriet made it to the North and assisted in the abolition of slavery. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl unmasked the brutality of how black slaves were treated, and branded less in ferior than whites. AlthoughRead MoreThe September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks on America: The Division of Nations and Views1672 Words   |  7 PagesCenter on February 26, 1993. After that, there were attacks that killed a total of 53 Americans. The FBI also reported that in 1998, Osama bin Laden declared a holy war against the United States. In that same year, he was quoted saying, â€Å"kill Americans wherever they are found† (Fox News). After these threats, there weren’t very many decisions made about how to protect the U.S. There were debates, but no huge change to national security. No huge changes came until after the attacks had occurred. SeptemberRead MoreImportants Events of the First Decade of 2000s1508 Words   |  7 PagesBarack Obama and the introduction of Twitter are just a few examples of what americans have experienced during these unforgettable ten years. September 11, 2001 is a day that no American will ever forget, a day that left a huge impact on the lives of many Americans, a day that has changed America and the world forever. On this day, known as 9/11, America had suffered its first attack on native soil since the Japanese’s bombing of Pearl Harbor in December of 1941 (American Decades, 223). The morningRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Domestic Violence1380 Words   |  6 Pagesabuse, emotional abuse, or psychological abuse, and can affect not only the victim, but anyone that he or she may come in contact with. In today’s society, it is very common to find domestic abuse in households, but not much is being done to stop it. After researching the various causes of domestic violence, one can conclude that there are many reasons that may have triggered the abuser’s sudden need to have the upper hand. Unemployment, drug or alcohol abuse, extreme jealously, or feeling inferior toRead MoreThe New York Police Department1895 Words   |  8 Pagescritical analysis details the actions of the New York Police Department, during the event of 911, which took place in New York City on September 11, 2001. This information will give insight on what occurred that day and explore what the New York Police Department did in response to the attack. The information is expected to lead to discussion of the problems that the criminal justice agency had, during the 911 attack and what could have been done to make them more effective. This analysis will alsoRead MoreU.s. Bush And The United States1272 Words   |  6 Pagesshake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve† (George W. Bush). Bush was referring to Tuesday September 11, 2001. This day is what woke up the sleeping giant that was America and forced America to form into a great country again. Events in the 2000’s such as the signing of Bush Doctrine, creation of homeland security, Google, the successful mapping of genome, Obama becoming

A Scientific Solution to the Whaling Problem Free Essays

Science faces a dilemma when it comes to consider the breakdown of society in the face of technological advance. The situation is even more difficult when science takes the environmentalist stance and then finds itself in opposition to native culture, which it also wants to preserve. Anthropological studies have shown that many cultures around the world are integrally linked to whaling, both economically and culturally. We will write a custom essay sample on A Scientific Solution to the Whaling Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now But now that whales are facing extinction, the scientific community must make a decision as to which is more worth preservation, native human cultures, or the population of whales. In my opinion, science should support the latter cause. It is an accepted tenet of modern life that technological advance breaks down old modes of social solidarity, and introduces new forms of connectedness. These new spheres of connection bypass locality and ethnicity, so that the tendency is towards a global culture and economy. What seems to be initially a cultural loss is not so, for culture is evolving in step with technology. However, the extinction of whales is a true and final loss. In 1999 the international whaling commission lifted its moratorium and allowed the Makah Indians of Washington State to hunt whales for the first time in 70 years. Charlotte Cote, a descendant of whaling Indians, enthuses over the decision, and describes how whaling has â€Å"reaffirmed their identity as a whaling people and providing a symbol for tribal resiliency, adaptability, and cultural survival† (2006, p. 177). However, Richard Caulfield, who has carried out extensive research into the whaling tribes of Greenland, opines that we cannot view these cultures in isolation, and these people have always retained links to mainland Europe. The recent speed of technological advance has only intensified these links. It is obligatory, therefore, that the remote whaling communities collaborate with the international community (Nuttall 1998, p. 831). The best role for the scientific community would, thus, be to effect a dialogue between the natives and the international body politic, while carrying out research from both points of view. How to cite A Scientific Solution to the Whaling Problem, Papers

Management in a Global Environment

Question: Discuss about the Management in a Global Environment. Answer: Definition of Culture In the age of globalization, the increase in communication and relations between business and corporate has created different cultures which are developing and increasing every day. As a result culture has become obvious in organizational norms, behaviour and human nature which have direct or indirect effect on business activities. The term culture is often the most complex term to explain. It is often responsible for individual actions and interpretation of behaviour. Thus according to author it is also the process learning behaviour and values that differentiate an individuals behaviour. In practical business world, the culture is made up of all the values, norms, principles and experiences of the workforce which they contribute in the organizational activities (Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, 2015). In the contemporary business organizations, the workforces are highly diverse as organizations are more likely to acquire best talent globally. Employees coming from different cultural social and economic background may have diverse cultural values and systems. Therefore the term cultural competence is gaining importance in business organizations. The term organizational culture can simply be explained as the process or system by which the organization has acquired some collective assumption, principles and attitude which directs its activities (Kirmayer, 2012). It can be assumed that organizational culture is the personality of the organization. The governing culture of any business organization largely depends on the environment in which business operations and activities take place, the organizational goal, values and principles of the workforce and the management style. For instance, it has been observed that large corporate have highly controlled organizational culture within the organization. The workforce and employees are bound to follow the well structured hierarchy and well structured job roles and responsibilities. A strong organizational culture indica tes that the workforce have similar goals, needs and value system which matches with the organizational culture (Ang and Van Dyne, 2015). It is one of the most important and invincible factors for organizational sustainability and growth. Thus it is necessary to identify individual needs and values within the workforce and align with the organizational objectives so that it can assists in business performance and sustainability. A strong corporate culture also decreases the conflicts and clashes within the organization (Ionescu, 2014). Therefore it is necessary for the management or the leadership of a business organization to recognize the principles and perceptions of the workforce to drive them to achieve their personal goals as well as organizational objective (Goetsch, and Davis, 2014). Some of the factors which have direct and indirect impact on organizational culture are mission and vision of the organization, management structure, organizational composition, hierarchies, att itudes and systems. It has been observed that culture, mostly in large business organizations which has a large amount of internal force is difficult to change or manipulate. So, in conclusion it can be stated that individuals work together to achieve organizational objectives and culture is the activity which result when a group of individuals cooperates usually by unwritten set of rules and regulations to achieve a common goal or objective. Thus it can be said that a strong organizational culture has the power to influence human behaviour and improve performance at workplace as it manipulate the perception of the workforce HI6005 Discussion Board - Week 10 Hertzberg theory of motivation The Hertzberg Theory of Motivation is also known as the two factor theory which was proposed by Frederick Hertzberg (Pinder, 2014). The study was conducted to identify what factors influenced employees to perform well and what factors displeasure them in workplace which results in under performance. According to this theory, individuals are influenced by two factors, they are satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Hertzberg termed the factors which influenced in employee motivation as Motivators and the factors which demotivated employees at workplace as Hygiene factors. According to the theory the following factors are the most common in motivators: recognition at workplace, opportunity for growth and development, job role, well structured job roles and responsibilities, and prospective for success. The most common factors that influence in hygiene factors in employee performance are: organizational policies, employee employer relation, working conditions, wages, and relationship with co -workers, and quality of control. Hertzberg theory of motivation has resulted in many further studies in the field of organizational behaviour and human resource management. One of the most important advantages of the theory is that it focuses on the consequences of the organizational structure, job design and responsibilities and working environment on employee satisfaction (Yusoff, et al. 2013). The term job design can be explained as the structure of the job responsibility and employees control on decision making process in the job responsibility. Earlier the concept of employee motivation was only associated with the rewards and wages (Miner, 2015). Herzberg clearly outlined the difference between the motivator factors and hygiene factors and their influence on employee satisfaction and motivation. Thus it is clear that organization only concentrating on hygiene factor in an organization will not ensure motivated employees for innovativeness in the organizational process. The th eory of Hertzberg theory of motivation has ensured to focus on organizational culture, and job roles and responsibilities and their effects on employee motivation and satisfaction. According to Herzberg there are two different human needs that are represented by these two factors. The hygiene factors are the basic human needs thats need to be fulfilled at any cost where as the motivators are the human needs which individuals perceives as bonus or extra (DuBrin, 2013). Fast food industry is one of the most growing industries globally. But there has been constant complain about poor working conditions and employee dissatisfaction in the industry. In fast food industry, employees are largely affected by the working environment which has a direct impact on employee motivation. In a recent study it has been observed that working conditions have a direct impact on employee performance and motivation like long working works, non recognition, hostile management style, etc (Herv, et al. 2011). Thus it is necessary to motivate workforce and ensure better performance, the need for improvement in work environment is necessary which will guarantee carrier growth and development, employee recognition and stress free working conditions. The management needs to distribute and set specific job roles and responsibilities for effective employee performance in workplace. References Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Herv, M., Pavie, X., O'Keeffe, M. Books24x7, I. 2012;2011;,Valuing people to create value: an innovative approach to leveraging motivation at work,World Scientific Pub Co Pte, GB. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Yusoff, W.F.W., Kian, T.S. and Idris, M.T.M., 2013. Herzbergs Two Factors Theory On Work Motivation: Does Its Work For Todays Environment.Global journal of commerce and Management,2(5), pp.18-22. Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. and Pitsis, T., 2015.Managing and organizations: An introduction to theory and practice. Sage. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Ionescu, V. 2014, "Leadership, Culture and Organizational Change",Manager,vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 65-71. Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., 2015.Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Kirmayer, L., 2012. Rethinking cultural competence.Transcultural Psychiatry,49(2), p.149. Management in a Global Environment Question: Describe about management and organizations in a global environment? Answer: Management and Organizations in a Global Environment Any assessment today of universal exchange and speculation approach that neglects to recognize the centrality of worldwide quality chains (GVCs) would be viewed as old fashioned and of flawed importance. The colloquialism may differ alluding to exchange worth included, generation offering, supply chains, outsourcing, off shoring, vertical mix, or divided creation rather than GVCs yet the center thought of internationally signed up generation is the same. Each global organization managing financial undertakings and in addition numerous governments are dealing with different parts of GVCs keeping in mind the end goal to see better their different measurements. The focal concern from this quarter, obviously, is the thing that GVCs mean for exchange arrangement and for universal collaboration in exchange related matters. While the business, administration, financial aspects, and advancement writing on GVCs does a reversal no less than two decades, consideration from the universal arran gement group is substantially later. It is fascinating to consider the methodology through which GVCs got to be more standard in strategy considering. A noteworthy starting impact originated from the arcane universe of insights and estimation. Certain worldwide and national orgs and scholastic foundations began to stress that by measuring exchange terms of horrible qualities we were bending the picture of respective exchange offsets, twofold including exchange streams, crediting creation to the wrong topographical areas, mistakenly indicating the innovative substance of fares at the national level, and misconception the genuine relationship in the middle of imports and fares (Babler, Scott D). So, we were basically neglecting to catch the genuine way of monetary relations among nations and the subsequent strategy suggestions. Human assets progression is the method of growing the data, the capacities, and the points of confinement of every last one of people in an overall population. In financial terms, it could be portrayed as the accumulation of human capital and its powerful enthusiasm for the headway of an economy. In political terms, human resources progression gets prepared people for adult backing in political systems, particularly as occupants in fame based structure. Thus, the systems of human resources progression open the best approach to modernization. This distinguish was a response to the troubles showed by unsustainable making and use, including the worthy and basic verification of that unsustainability in the time of waste. The objective of this bearing record is to upgrade the best approach to waste organization, which in most making countries is jumbled, flighty and under-resourced. Underlyng concepts - waste streams, Technology, Information and Globalization Waste is for the most part overseen as identifiable waste streams created from various identifiable sources. A few sources create specific waste streams. Diverse waste streams are made out of distinctive materials and in this way have typical good and natural effects. The amounts to be overseen contrast from waste stream to waste stream. Hence, the strategies by which different waste streams are as one, recuperated, transformed, treated or discarded may fluctuate comprehensively. Hence, the strategy connected to every waste stream will need to identify and consider these distinctions with a specific end goal to accomplish the applicable approach objective. Albeit waste is grouped into waste streams for the reasons of administration, these qualifications are made to a great extent for useful reasons. By and large there is a cover of one stream with an alternate stream, and individual areas may utilize diverse orders and names. Waste is typically separated into risky and non-perilous w aste, as the prerequisites for taking care of and behavior of these two classes are altogether different (Booth, Colin). For instance, uncommon social insurance waste3 obliges an alternate methodology from that for general civil waste, because of its dangerous properties and the dangers it postures to laborers and to general wellbeing by and large. Development, including the information change and globalization continue applying genuine results for HRD. Various activities have stated that the benefits of advancement have not composed the cost of passion for it. The reason behind this all around is that advancement has not been used beneficially or usefully. Development accordingly is not gainful, and does exclude regard unless there are people who can use it gainfully. Complete component benefit in the critical economies is evaluated to have declined consequent to the mid 1970s, and advancement has been illuminated the extent that work and capital inputs, the guarantee by developmen t being considered sensibly minor. Among the various illuminations which have been advanced for the clear disappointment of advancement to pass on the ordinary productivity increments is the going hand in hand with: Computers, for event, are not being used generally for advantageous purposes. Investments in development have regularly been tried for grabbing bit of the general business, as opposed to upgrading the capability and sufficiency of existing era. There is continually a deferment between the presentation of advancement and profit augmentations coming to fruition on account of such presentation. The benefit preferences of advancement are starting now in vicinity, yet profit estimation composed for a substitute kind of operations (amassing) doesn't reflect them. According to these estimations benefit in gathering (in various the rich economies) has extended. The low advantage fabricate rate ensured for organizations is a result of the way that benefit in organizations can't, 'in the not too distant past, be reliably measured. These variables will impact how a nation goes about building up a method on waste administration. This track record is not planned to be a recipe or formula which ca n be connected to any set of circumstances, yet rather an accumulation of issues and choices from which a method, or possibly the start of one, can be amassed. It is for every nation to focus the degree and limits of their national waste administration method. It might be helpful, nonetheless, for nations to inquire as to whether a specific waste stream can be overseen as per the waste administration approaches run of the mill at this key level. Waste avoidance and minimization, cleaner creation, the waste administration chain of importance and earth sound administration. Assuming this is the case; thought of the waste stream in the general vital methodology is advocated. Any talk of waste administration will include the utilization of different specific ideas. The accompanying ideas are the basics of waste administration approach over the globe and may be commonplace: waste anticipation or minimization, the waste order, the life-cycle of an item, asset proficiency and naturally sound administration. While these ideas are clarified in Part III of this archive, a few are sufficiently focal and critical to the knowledge of the report to be presented here. The waste administration hierarchy7 shows a request of inclination for activity to lessen and oversee squander, and is typically displayed diagrammatically (see Figure 2). The waste progression is exhibited as an altered pyramid in light of the fact that the key push of arrangement is to make a move first and essential on keeping the era of waste. The following favored activity is to diminish waste era (e.g. through re-utilization). Reusing, including composting or anaerobic incorporation, is the follo wing favored activity, took after by the downstream ventures of materials recuperation and waste to-vitality. On the off chance that vitality is recuperated from techniques, for example, burning and pyrolysis, or from landfill, it likewise has a place at this level of the order. The creation of globally signed up generation game plans that is, worldwide supply chains has changed our monetary and political scene in central ways. Advances in innovation and an empowering approach environment have permitted organizations to internationalize their operations crosswise over many areas so as to build usefulness, lower expenses and accelerate generation. Organizations today look to include esteem underway where it bodes well to do as such; undoubtedly this has turned into a key component of corporate aggressiveness (Dalcher, Darren, and Ron Basu). As far as it matters for them, a few legislatures however not all perceive that taking an interest in worldwide worth chains will bring quali ty and chances to their laborers and economies; they have along these lines looked to encourage inviting approach systems. For some economies today particularly in Asia, imports are progressively a key supplement of neighborhood creation and fares. Our exchange figures in East Asia bear this out: middle of the road products have involved more than 50 every penny of fares and more than 60 every penny of imports in Asia, since the year 2000. That is additionally why it is critical to gauge exchange quality included terms, as opposed to simply taking a gander at the terrible figures. Conclusion It is surprising that different nations all through the world have neglected to gain from the encounters of the rich economies and of the all the more as of late industrialized nations that managed interest in human capital is required for aggressiveness and development. This circumstance is currently changing with globalization, expanded speculation and exchange, and the spread of modernization. Interest in human capital is obviously no guarantee of advancement if other important strategies are improper or are not appropriately executed. However without the right sort of human capital different approaches (monetary, exchange and speculation arrangements) will neglect to convey development, or development will stop when shoddy work and different assets stop to be perceptive to the following phase of advancement. Since the time taken for interest in human money to manage natural product is, contrasted with different ventures, moderately long, the arranging period has additionally to b e fundamentally long and opportune. Further, dissimilar to most different assets, human capital does not waste or direct in worth through consumption; in actuality its esteem improves. Developing economies are assuming huge and broadened parts in GVCs. amid the 2000s; they have gotten to be significant exporters of middle and last produced products (China, the Republic of Korea and Mexico) and additionally essential items (Brazil, the Russian Federation and South Africa). On the other hand, market development in rising economies has likewise prompted moving end advertises in GVCs, as more exchange has been South-South, particularly succeeding to the 200809 monetary retreats (Fung, Hung-gay, Sheryl A Law, and Jot Yau). China has been the point of convergence for both examples since it is the world's driving exporter with an accentuation on produced merchandise; however it has additionally stoked the essential item fare blast as the world's biggest merchant of an extensive variety of essential items. When the suggestion that an adjusted methodology is conceivable is acknowledged by policymakers, the inquiry then gets to be the manner by which to art successful GVC-situated modern arrangements. One approach to look at this inquiry is to ask how present modern strategies vary from conventional mechanical arrangements. A small-minded examination of the Brazilian customer gadgets case may recommend that the inspirations and approach instruments being utilized by expansive developing economies basically reproduce a large portion of the peculiarities of conventional ISI modern strategy: driving import substitution with neighborhood content necessities, initiating necessities for interest in nearby RD and empower request in key item region. References Babler, Scott D. Pharmaceutical And Biomedical Project Management In A Changing Global Environment. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2010. Print. Booth, Colin. Solutions To Climate Change Challenges In The Built Environment. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Print. Booth, Laurence D, W. Sean Cleary, and Pamela Peterson Drake. Corporate Finance. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons, 2014. Print. Coleman, William D, Wyn Grant, and Tim Josling. Agriculture In The New Global Economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub., 2004. Print. Dalcher, Darren, and Ron Basu. Advances In Project Management. Print. Doyle, Timothy, and Doug McEachern. Environment And Politics. London: Routledge, 2001. Print. Fung, Hung-gay, Sheryl A Law, and Jot Yau. Socially Responsible Investment In A Global Environment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2010. Print. Lefebvre, L. A, and Elisabeth Lefebvre. Management Of Technology And Regional Development In A Global Environment. London: P. Chapman, 1995. Print. Phatak, Arvind V, Rabi S Bhagat, and Roger J Kashlak. International Management. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2005. Print. Russell, Roberta S, and Bernard W Taylor. Operations Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2006. Print. Stahl, Michael J. Management. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Business, 1995. Print. Tisdell, C. A. Handbook Of Tourism Economics. Singapore: World Scientific, 2013. Print.

Who Am I....Really free essay sample

This is your chance to show colleges who you really are,† my counselor told me. He was talking about the application essay. To most, this would not appear to be an emotional subject, but to me it was the accumulation everything I feared. I had no idea who I was. All I knew was I wanted to be different; I wanted everything to be different. I left his office with misty eyes, and a familiar tug in my chest. I knew that this infamous college essay was going to be difficult to compose. To write it, I would have to at least make an attempt to answer life’s fundamental question: Who am I, really? I have been so many things during my seventeen years of life, but not one of them have defined me completely. I have been the girl who comes from a broken home, the girl whose parents fight every single day, the girl whose parents separated. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Am I.Really? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have been the girl whose dad is sick. I have been the girl who didn’t belong, the girl with an edge. After years of listening to fights, sometimes joining them, and crying myself to sleep every night, my parents finally separated. It was then, when my life seemed to be going back to a (somewhat) normal state, when I found out that my father had a very severe strain of multiple sclerosis. Every time I saw him over the next few years, which wasn’t much, he got worse and worse. I wanted to be there for him, but he wasn’t the same man I remembered from my childhood. He was different. He’d changed. As a result of all that had happened to me, I developed a pattern. I wouldn’t ever let myself get close enough to anyone to get hurt. It was safer that way. Every day I faked a smile and pretended that I was okay, so that no one would ever know. So that no one could ever give me â€Å"the look† again. You know the one: A subtle cock of the head, lips pulled tightly together, and eyes drooped with pity. I guess I figured that if I hid everything from everyone, I would somehow be able to live a normal life. I couldn’t turn to my friends. Their lives were so normal, their families so happy. I didn’t want to ruin it. It wasn’t until a couple of months ago that I discovered my life was a blessing and not a curse. I finally realized that having so many problems didn’t weaken me, it made me stronger. Now, I’m prepared for anything that comes my way. I know that things change and that everything isn’t always perfect. I had lost a family, but I had gained resilience. Now, every day, I work harder to make sure that I experience as many different things as I possibly can. I want to make my life worth something. I want to make a difference. I’m finally free. So, I still have no idea who I am, but that’s what the college experience is all about, right?

Timeline of the Scottsboro Boys Case

Timeline of the Scottsboro Boys Case In March of 1931, nine young African-American men were accused of raping two white women on a train. The African-American men ranged in age from thirteen to nineteen. Each young man was tried, convicted and sentenced in a matter of days. African-American newspapers published news accounts and editorials of the events of the case. Civil rights organizations followed suit, raising money and providing defense for these young men. However, it would take several years for these young mens cases to be overturned. 1931 March 25: A group of young African-American and white men engage in a scuffle while riding a freight train. The train is stopped in Paint Rock, Ala and nine African-American teens are arrested for assault. Soon after, two white women, Victoria Price, and Ruby Bates charge the young men with rape. The nine young men are taken to Scottsboro, Ala. Both Price and Bates are examined by doctors. By the evening, the local newspaper, Jackson County Sentinel calls the rape a revolting crime. March 30: The nine Scottsboro Boys are indicted by a grand jury. April 6 - 7: Clarence Norris and Charlie Weems, were placed on trial, convicted and given the death sentence. April 7 - 8: Haywood Patterson meets the same sentence as Norris and Weems. April 8 - 9: Olen Montgomery, Ozie Powell, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, and Andy Wright are also tried, convicted and sentenced to death. April 9: 13-year-old Roy Wright is also tried. However, his trial ends with a hung jury as 11 jurors want the death sentence and one vote for life in imprisonment. April through December: Organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) as well as the International Labor Defense (ILD) are astonished by the age of the defendants, length of their trails, and sentences received. These organizations provide support to the nine young men and their families. The NAACP and IDL also raise money to for appeals. June 22: Pending an appeal to the Alabama Supreme Court, the executions of the nine defendants are stayed. 1932 January 5: A letter written from Bates to her boyfriend is uncovered. In the letter, Bates admits she was not raped. January: The NAACP withdraws from the case after the Scottsboro Boys decide to let the ILD handle their case. March 24: The Alabama Supreme Court upholds the convictions of seven defendants in a vote of 6-1. Williams is granted a new trial because he was considered a minor when he was originally convicted. May 27: The United States Supreme Court decides to hear the case. November 7: In the case of Powell v. Alabama, the Supreme Court ruled that the defendants were denied the right to counsel. This denial was considered a violation of their right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. The cases are sent to the lower court. 1933 January: Noted attorney Samuel Leibowitz takes the case for the IDL. March 27: Pattersons second trial begins in Decatur, Ala before Judge James Horton. April 6: Bates comes forward as a witness for the defense. She denies being raped and further testifies that she was with Price for the duration of the train ride. During the trial, Dr. Bridges says that Price showed very little physical signs of rape. April 9: Patterson is found guilty during his second trial. He is sentenced to death by electrocution. April 18: Judge Horton suspends Pattersons death sentence after a motion for a new trial. Horton also postpones the trials of the eight other defendants as racial tensions are high in town. June 22: Pattersons conviction is set aside by Judge Horton. He is granted a new trial. October 20: The cases of the nine defendants are moved from Hortons court to Judge William Callahan. November 20: The cases of the youngest defendants, Roy Wright, and Eugene Williams, are moved to Juvenile Court. The other seven defendants appear in Callahans courtroom. November to December: Patterson and Norris cases both end in the death penalty. During both cases, Callahans bias is revealed through his omissions- he does not explain to Pattersons jury how to deliver a not guilty verdict and also does not ask for the mercy of God upon Norris soul during his sentencing. 1934 June 12: In his bid for re-election, Horton is defeated. June 28: In a defense motion for new trials, Leibowitz argues that qualified African-Americans were kept off jury rolls. He also argues that names added on the current rolls were forged. The Alabama Supreme Court denies the defense motion for new trials. October 1: Lawyers associated with ILD are caught with $1500 bribe that was to be given to Victoria Price. 1935 February 15: Leibowitz appears before the Supreme Court of the United States, describing the lack of African-American presence on juries in Jackson County. He also shows the Supreme Court justices the jury rolls with forged names. April 1: In the case of Norris v. Alabama, the United States Supreme Court decides that the exclusion of African-Americans on jury rolls did not protect African-American defendants of their rights to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The case is overturned and sent to a lower court. However, Pattersons case is not included in the argument because of filing date technicalities. The Supreme Court suggests that lower courts review Pattersons case. December: The defense team is reorganized. The Scottsboro Defense Committee (SDC) is established with Allan Knight Chalmers as chairman. Local attorney, Clarence Watts serves as co-counsel. 1936 January 23: Patterson is retried. He is found guilty and sentenced to 75 years in prison. This sentence was a negotiation between the foreman and the rest of the jury. January 24: Ozie Powell pulls a knife and slashes a police officers throat while being transported to Birmingham Jail. Another police official shoots Powell in the head. Both the police officer and Powell survive. December: Lieutenant Governor Thomas Knight, the prosecuting attorney for the case, meets with Leibowitz in New York to come to a compromise. 1937 May:Â  Thomas Knight, a justice on the Alabama Supreme Court, dies. June 14:Â  Pattersons conviction is upheld by the Alabama Supreme Court. July 12 - 16: Norris is sentenced to death during his third trial. As a result of the pressure of the case, Watts becomes sick, causing Leibowitz to steer the defense. July 20 - 21: Andy Wrights is convicted and sentenced to 99 years. July 22 - 23: Charley Weems is convicted and sentenced to 75 years. July 23 - 24: Ozie Powells rape charges are dropped. He pleads guilty to assaulting a police officer and is sentenced to 20 years. July 24: The rape charges against Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, and Roy Wright are dropped. October 26: The United States Supreme Court decides not to hear the appeal of Patterson. December 21: Bibb Graves, the governor of Alabama, meets with Chalmers to discuss clemency to the five convicted defendants. 1938 June: The sentences given to Norris, Andy Wright, and Weems are affirmed by the Alabama Supreme Court. July: Norris death sentence is commuted to life imprisonment by Governor Graves. August: A denial of parole is recommended for Patterson and Powell by an Alabama parole board. October: A denial of parole is also recommended for Norris, Weems, and Andy Wright. October 29: Graves meets with the convicted defendants to consider parole. November 15: The pardon applications of all five defendants are denied by Graves. November 17: Weems is released on parole. 1944 January: Andy Wright and Clarence Norris are released on parole. September: Wright and Norris leave Alabama. This is considered a violation of their parole. Norris returns to jail in October 1944 and Wright in October 1946. 1946 June: Ozie Powell is released from prison on parole. September: Norris receives parole. 1948 July:Â  Patterson escapes from prison and travels to Detroit. 1950 June 9: Andy Wright is released on parole and finds a job in New York. June: Patterson is caught and arrested by the FBI in Detroit. However, G. Mennen Williams, governor of Michigan does not extradite Patterson to Alabama. Alabama does not continue its attempts to return Patterson to prison. December: Patterson is charged with murder after a fight in a bar. 1951 September: Patterson is sentenced to six to fifteen years in prison after being convicted of manslaughter. 1952 August: Patterson dies of cancer while serving time in prison. 1959 August: Roy Wright dies 1976 October: George Wallace, governor of Alabama, pardons Clarence Norris. 1977 July 12: Victoria Price sues NBC for defamation and invasion of privacy after its broadcast of Judge Horton and the Scottsboro Boys airs. Her claim, however, is dismissed. 1989 January 23: Clarence Norris dies. He is the last surviving Scottsboro Boys.

Toxicology, Drugs and Poisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Toxicology, Drugs and Poisons - Essay Example The acidic poisons and drugs can easily be isolated from the acidic solution while the basic drugs and poisons are easily extracted from the basic solution. After completing the procedure, the poison and drugs are isolated, the isolated samples are then screened and confirmed thereafter. Other techniques that are discussed in the paper include color testing, immunoassay testing, gas chromatography and microcrystalline testing. Determination of quality of drugs or poison is done through extraction and isolation of the substance from body fluids and tissues. The techniques used in identification include color testing, immunoassay testing, gas chromatography and microcrystalline testing. Color testing is a technique simply used in a determination of an individual content of drug or poison in the system. The technique mainly identifies the type of drug or poisons present in the person and do not indicate the quantity of the suspected substance in the individual’s body. Toxicologist always carries out confirmation test after color testing for surety (Flanagan, Perrett and Whelpton, 2005). When the test is done in a urine sample, a small strip used for the test is dipped in the urine sample and is expected to change to a specific color. In other tests, chemical substances are combined with a sample that is already isolated. Changes in color due to the reactions indicate the presence of certain drugs or p oison in the sample (Haley and Berndt, 2007). Microcrystalline testing involves combining a given amount of isolated sample with a specifically known chemical reagent. In the presence of a drug or poison, a chemical reaction will occur producing a precipitate. The precipitate structure and color varies with respect to the drug or poison that is tested. The precipitate that is formed can then be screened or viewed under a microscope for identity confirmation (Bell, 2009).

California Challenges and Future Industry Paper Research

California Challenges and Future Industry - Research Paper Example According to the economic status of California, it has power besides global link that can help to end the challenges it faces despite that it lacks legal attributes and policy makers of a sovereign country to tackle the problems. This has been a key central issue faced by most Californians in recent years. For instance, California people have been experiencing power blackouts without notices besides having neither immediate nor lasting solutions. This power blackout has decimated the State’s budgetary surplus leading to great economic loss, as all major government industries are unable to escape such calamities. This has been bringing about great concerns despite the leaders showing no or less concern where they usually play blame games on each other hence ending up with no concrete solution over the menace. This electricity saga started when an opportunity availed itself for the state to consider restructuring its power system in making it more flexible and responsive to changing the economic conditions (Sweeney 2008). Following the implementation of this restructuring it was imperfect in some way that the state political leadership failed in the year 2000 to implement fully the effectiveness of tight electricity markets. Besides which in the year 2001 they mismanaged the issue making it a major crisis. Thereby this era burdened the state with a hard task of long-term obligation correlated with electricity. Because of this hard period caused by the states governor together with other state leaders the saga continues haunting the state up to date as they still try to recuperate from their past era (Sweeney 2008). The state of California has been experiencing water shortage problems since 19th century. This is because of the many changes caused by human activities over the years. For instance, the growing population in both Mexico and United States has inhabited some of the areas previously occupied by the

The leadership style of Catherine the Great Research Paper

The leadership style of Catherine the Great - Research Paper Example The empress Catherine II is one of the brightest phenomena of the Russian history. The first half of her life, up to the accession to the throne, is represented as a series of fortunes, which did not depend on personal qualities of the modest German princess. But she managed to play the results of each of her successes in the best way, showing the rare ability to overcome any constraining circumstances as well as a moral ban, if was necessary for the achievement of a specific goal. The second half of the biography of Catherine The Great, a Russian Empress, is a series of the episodes, which arose spontaneously, not due to someones conscious will, and quite often had the most improbable endings. A motley round dance of events, in which the wisest plans and projects stuck and broke up, and instinctively made situational decisions often led to historically important consequences. This chaotic kaleidoscope developed a majestic picture of an eminence of the Russian Empire. Having headed t he triumph of her second homeland, the Empress Catherine II occupied a deserved place among historical heroes (Cronin, 1978). Catherine was not tall, but always held her chin highly lifted, and her back ideally straight. One her glance was enough to show his place to an impudent. â€Å"The double doors opened and the Empress appeared. I have said that she was quite small, and yet on the days when she made her public appearances, with her head held high, her eagle-like stare and a countenance accustomed to command, all this gave her such an air of majesty that to me she might have been Queen of the World; she wore the sashes of three orders, and her costume was both simple and regal; it consisted of a muslin tunic embroidered with gold fastened by a diamond belt, and the full sleeves were folded back in the Asiatic style. Over this tunic she wore a red velvet dolman with very short sleeves. The bonnet which held her white hair was not decorated with ribbons, but with the

The Important Car Industry In Malaysia Marketing Essay

The Important Car Industry In Malaysia Marketing Essay The automotive industry is one of the most important industries in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia. Comparing with other manufacturing industries, the automotive industry is a promising one and contributes boosting and evolving economic and industrialization processes which leads Malaysia to change into a developed country in the foreseeable future. The automotive industry in Malaysia started in the 1960s and the Government of Malaysia began to encourage the establishment of the automotive industry in 1963. Initially, the assembly plants were mainly joint venture projects between European automobile manufacturers and local partners were previously their local distributors. Although at the beginning there was requirement to promote the growth of components manufacturing, but the industry was not very successful until 1980s. At that time there were some assemblers who just produced vehicles for European and Japanese manufacturers and there were large amounts of import. In fact the development in auto industry was started by launching of the National Car Project which was PROTON in 1983. Proton Company profile Proton which is the acronym of Perusahan Otomobil Nasional Berhad was founded in 1983 as manufacturing, assembling and selling motor vehicles and related products which were then produced Malaysias first car named Proton Saga. The main plant of the company was established in Shah Alam, with the capacity of 80000 units per year. Proton could increase this capacity to 230000 units per year in 1997 by constructing another factory next to its main plant. Today, the factory in Shah Alam has the capacity of producing 240000 vehicles per year. PROTON has a total of 11 subsidiaries and 11 associate companies, which are involved in manufacturing, research and development, as well as sales and service activities. Proton exports to 50 countries including the competitive markets of UK and continental European markets as its objectives include research and development capabilities, world class manufacturing and production standards, design capabilities as well as a presence in the global market. Considering Malaysias short and long term economic objectives, Proton was established to fulfill these goals with the help of technological knowledge and know-how. As a result, with the use of resources, technology, innovations, and design capabilities the national car project resulted in remarkable impact on automotive industry. PROTON was Malaysias dominant auto manufacturer until the establishment of PERODUA, in the year 1993. Now the Malaysian auto market is dominated by Malaysias national cars, PROTON and PERODUA which jointly accounted for 90 per cent of the vehicles sold annually. PROTONS production was based on technology and parts from Mitsubishi Motors, and it produced the first model which was Proton Saga in September 1985 at its first manufacturing plant in Shah Alam. At the beginning the components were made by Mitsubishi but gradually the company began producing those parts with the help of technological knowledge. PROTON also entered to international markets through exporting. For instance it began its exports from Malaysia to other right hand drive markets like New Zealand and UK as well as the Middle East, South-East Asia and Australasia, but it was mostly successful in UK. It is possible to say that proton which came as a national auto manufacturer 25 years ago, now evolved to an international auto maker. 1.2. Ethical considerations One of the important issues regarding proton is consideration of ethical issues as well as its social responsibilities. As a result, in addition to its focus on the profitability, it also focuses on human resource development, the environment and the society within its operations. Proton objectives include meeting expectations of good corporate governance, ethnical corporate values and responsible corporate citizens. MARKET STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS OLIGOPOLY Number of firms competing Small number Nature of the product Undifferentiated or differentiated Entry Many barriers Information availability Asymmetric Firms control over price Some An oligopolistic market is the one which is dominated by some large suppliers. Homogeneous products, mutual interdependence, few large producers and high entry barriers are oligopoly characteristics prevalent in such markets. The three most import characteristics of oligopoly include: Industry dominance by few large firms Products sold by these firms are either differentiated or identical in nature Various entry barriers depending upon the industry Few large firms is a very crucial oligopoly characteristics which states that these markets include few large firms which are dominant in existence, and each of these firms is comparatively larger than the market size. This particular oligopoly characteristic ensures that all these large firms have a fair amount of market control. The automobile industry is a very good example of an oligopolistic market. There are a few car manufacturers in the market across the world as against the demand for millions of cars every day. The dominant car manufacturers include General Motors, Honda, Chrysler, Toyota and Ford, to name a few. The automobile industry in an oligopolistic market is a Differentiate Product Oligopoly where the products manufactured are for personal consumption as consumers need a variety of products since they have different needs and wants. In Malaysia, the national automobile industry is dominated by the countrys two leading manufacturers, namely PROTON and PERODUA. PROTON is 42% owned by the Government. Rising car sales in 2010 has pushed up production in all car assemblers in Malaysia except for the national car maker, PROTON. PROTONs market share has reached 80% at its peak but now it has lost its market share to local and foreign competitors from 60% of the domestic passenger car market in 2001 to 26% for year 2010. Protons brand value has also dropped from RM239 million in 2007 (rank 19) to RM150 million in 2008 (rank 23). It was revealed in November 2009 that Protons ranking has dropped from Malaysias 30 Most Valuable Brand (MMVB) ranking. It was reported in the newspapers that PROTON is only operating at half of its capacity. PROTON Shah Alam was operating at 54% while PROTON Tanjung Malim is at 42%. The combined installed capacity production for PROTONs two plants is 350,000 units per year and PERODUA 250,000 per year that is about 48.7% and 79% respectively, accounting for about 61%, more than half of the total industry output. As reported by the Malaysian Automotive Association (MAA), UMW Toyota Motor Subsidiary, Assembly Services, was operating at 215 per cent production capacity, Honda at 212 per cent, Tan Chong Motors at 143 per cent, and PERODUA at 164 per cent.  [i]   For years, both PROTON and PERODUA have led charmed lives as national car companies, indulged by the Government and over-protected behind a wall of tariff and non-tariff barriers, tax exemptions, rebates, subsidies and other special favors. PROTON has only introduced four (4) new models in recent years the second generation Proton Saga in 2008, Exora in 2009 and Inspira in 2010. PROTON was knocked off as the top Malaysian car producer in 2006 by PERODUA which becomes Malaysias largest vehicle maker. PROTON is the second most popular marque for year 2010. PERODUA remains the most popular make in the passenger vehicle category while third-place Toyota is the most popular foreign car at 12.9% market share. PROTONs market share is 26% and PERODUA is 31.2%. Their combined market share has fallen to 57% today, with more than 30 foreign makers now in Malaysia competing for the remainder.  [ii]   PROTON remains handicapped by lack of scale, overcapacity, outdated technology, a limited product line up, and other disabilities. The company suffers from state protectionist policies and need a strategic partner for growth. PROTON also needs technology it does not have to produce attractive new models. Malaysias revised National Automotive Policy (NAP) that took effects on 1 January 2010 ostensibly to deregulate the domestic market attract more foreign auto makers into the country and would not likely meet the governments expectations. To sop up some of the excess capacity, PROTON managers are adopting an Asian multi-local OEM strategy focused mainly on expanding exports into Southeast Asia, China, India, the Middle East and North Africa. How well this will work is questionable given the intensifying competition among global auto makers for export sales, the models PROTON has to offer, and the minor role of exports so far in the auto makers operations. Proton exports 81,000 units of cars between 2008 2010. For year 2010, total export revenues amounted to only RM889 million. The Kinked Demand Curve A very common and important feature of oligopoly is that the action of, or on, one specific manufacturer will affect the other manufacturers, especially their sales. The kinked demand curve model best described PROTONs oligopoly behavior. PROTON faces a downward sloping demand curve but its elasticity may depend on the reaction of its competitors to changes in its prices or outputs. The competitors for example may not follow the increase in PROTONs prices in their attempt to maintain a high level of profits and market share. Demand therefore will be relatively elastic and a rise in price instead would lead to a fall in the total revenue of PROTON. On the other hand, the competitors might more likely to match a price fall by PROTON to avoid a loss of market share, causing demand to become inelastic leading to a fall in total revenue. As all these producers in an oligopolistic market are interdependent they need to consider the impact and reactions on other firms while determining their own pricing and investment policies. For example, when PROTON launches a new product (Exora) , it affects other producers and their sales causing them to react with a new product (e.g. PERODUA: Alza), which inflates the market price.  ­Ã‚ ­4.Competitive Environment For Proton Company The first Malaysia national car is PROTON. The main competitor in Malaysia in term of automobile companies and affordable car is PERODUA. The competitive environment as we can see approximately in Malaysia is affordable car where all native of a Malaysia can buy it and the car maintenances also cheap. You see, the porter five are been applied for more obviously because the competitive environment not only about the competitor. It can be about the economic decline, natural misfortune and etc. Porter five 1. Competitive Rivalry 2. Threat of New Entrant 3. Threat of Substitutes   4. Buyer Power 5. Supplier Power Competitive Rivalry   In Malaysia, after PERODUA that is main competitor for proton , there is not too much competitor around affordable car. The low cost car as mentioned above is not have a lot of competitor in generally. The affordable car in Malaysia has a more potential to sell compared to luxury car that only specific people are used it. A family will have more than 1 car. Definitely, the first car they will choose the cheaper car and affordable car. New Entrant has a high threat    Recession the economic will be a big threat for PROTON. We know that, all big company will facing over budget or does not achieve the sale for that year. The government will lose a lot of money cause of policy and shareholders. By the way, economic downward tendency actually comes suddenly without notice. High threat from Substitutes Malaysia has tow national car. First : PROTON , second : PERODUA. The substitutes will high in term of car model and some of them looks similar. Buyer Power Buyer will choose the cheap car for the first car and buyer also actually are fragmented. Therefore, it will not has much influence.   Supplier Power Nowadays compared to the many years ago, this is not giving a big threat for PROTON. Government and PROTON As a Government connected Company, Proton is protected in term of financial capabilities. Furthermore, as the first  national automotive manufacturer they have more than 20 years of experience and backed by the more than 1000 suppliers and highly concentrated distributed the service and distribution way out. As financial year ender 31  March 2006 denoted, the net value of asset is more than RM 5 billion while the liabilities is only about RM 2 billion. Proton had begun on a project with the Lotus. Group to improve a hybrid vehicle proficient of running on both gasoline and electricity and others special projects that are concentrating on technology development. This program direct to raise high the technology to a level that is on par with their global rivals by creating an alternative vehicle for the future which provides customers with less fuel consumption, decrease emanation and uncompromising performance. The increase numbers of substantial order by the different overseas markets were far in surplus of the number shipped, the difference was due to restrictions in the supply chain. There is no uncertain that demand for Proton cars in the overseas markets exists. As such, looking forward into financial year 2007, the company predicts a meaningful improvement in the number of Proton cars sold overseas. International Market for Proton The objectives of the Malaysian National Car:   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rationalize the local automotive industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Spearhead the development of a local component industry and to enhance greater use of local components.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encourage the upgrading of technology, engineering knowledge and technical skills of the countrys workforce.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Assist and develop Bumiputera (the indigenous people of Malaysia) participation in the automotive industry.  [1] Social, Economy, Politic and Technology analyses Proton Holdings Berhad Proton is a Malaysian national automobile manufacturer. Proton Holdings Berhad is the holding company which is listed on the Bursa Malaysia. 14,706 Proton cars were exported in 2006 to other countries/ Proton exports cars to the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Australia and the company is aggressively marketing its cars in several other countries including the Middle East. Proton cars has also been exporting a small volume of cars to other countries like: 1.Singapore 2.Brunei 3.Indonesia 4.Nepal 5.Sri 6.Pakistan 7.Bangladesh 8.Taiwan 9.Cyprus   10.Mauritius Proton has never succeeded to export their car to the US, because the cars required many changes to meet American safety standards in order to secure coverage from auto insurers and satisfy legislative requirements. In some countries,    Proton cars suffer somewhat from a poor public image because of their designs. Strengths   Proton has over 20 years of experience in Automotive industry Many cars are exported by Proton to many countries every years, proves that proton has the experience of exporting cars. Did the financial crisis in 2008/09 have any impact on the group? What about the current economic turmoil in Europe? Mohd Nadzmi,( chairman),said : The global automotive industry was affected by the financial crisis in 2008/09, and this included Proton. However, in our case, being small was actually an advantage, and because of our size, we were able to minimise the impact on our business. Protons presence in Europe is also small, hence we were not affected by the economic turmoil there. Because Lotus has a bigger presence globally, the impact of the crisis on it is bigger. However, Lotus operates on small volumes, hence any financial damage was minimised.  [2] Swot Analyze: The inability to succeed by Proton to find a foreign associate is a cautioning gesture that it is no longer a competitive and economically capable to living entity with present market condition and debatable management determinations that reason Proton to lose money when other finds profits. Hence, Proton Holdings Berhad requires to regard a foreign participation to more develop on its quality and service to the buyers. Khazanah Malaysia, the Malaysian governments investment arm, holding about 42.74% of Proton, followed by the Employees Provident Fund with 15.4 per cent and Petronas with 7.9 per cent. Price/Earnings: Not Meaningful Price/Sales: 0.3x (2/5 points) Price/Book: 0.4x (2/5 points) Price/Cash Flow: Not Meaningful TEV/Sales: 0.1x (3/5 points) A integrator has its profits economies of scale, market domination, etc. but an expand national car company could produce many duplications i.e. product, merchants network, sellers etc. Proton is finding it tough to decorate its network of providers and distributors.National car company Proton Holdings Berhad once dominated with a majority share in the market. It has since not only lost that majority, its sales in unit terms have even dropped below that of unlisted Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Berhad (Perodua). UMW Holdings Berhad is the biggest in the sector, with a market value of RM5.9 billion, compared with Protons RM1 billion. Although, UMW has an important oil and gas division, it derives most of its profits from its Toyota division, the most profitable in the industry. In the other hand, Proton reported a loss of RM75 million in the October December quarter last year. It is surpassed in market value by Oriental Holdings Berhad (RM2.3 billion) and DRB-HICOM Berhad (RM1.4 billion), both of which are variegated motor-based groups. In my deduction, Proton should go on to strive strategic alliances and further expand its market in the whole world because of the finishing of conversations with Volkswagen AG in the year of 2007. In an outlook, Proton requires to basically join more into the global supply chain and the global market. Fundamentally, we have not attained the type of sell overseas permeation projected when the company was based. Global motor vehicle industry was enduring a solidification and Proton should be component of this mode. We require to be part of the greater family in a path that works for us.Up to now, there were not any explanation regarding The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) submit its report on Proton Holdings Berhads sale of Italian motorbike manufacturer, MV Augusta to GEVI s.p.a at one euro to Parliament because Proton had obtained a 57.75 percent risk in MV Augusta in December 2004 for 70 million euro (RM367.6 million). The factory is recently producing 240,000 units per year. Opened in 2005, a phase of the art assembly plant was put together at Tanjung Malim, 60 miles north of Kuala Lumpur. This area has been named Proton City and be made up of 500 hectare site containing the factory, plant, housing, a university and other commercial buildings to lodge part suppliers. This plant produces the 3 novel model ranges, the GEN-2, Savvy and Satria Neo. Protons total workplace in Malaysia totals just over 6,000 staffs working in all areas of vehicle design, RD, production and manufacturing. By way of a strong base built up since 1983, Malaysias car manufacturing industry is growing fast.   Proton apparatus a major step forward in upgrading its engineering capabilities when it acquired a share in Lotus are closely involved in Protons new model development, with a group of engineers perpetually based at the design and development centre in Malaysia. The Company has come a long way since 1983, PROTON was publicly listed on the Kuala Lumpur stock conversion in 1992, and current day, Proton cars are sent abroad to more than 50 countries throughout the world. Key export markets contain Australia, Singappore, the far East and the UK, where during 2009 it celebrates 20 years in the market place.   From 1989 until now, Proton Cars (UK) Ltd have been presenting the British public dependable value for money vehicles. 6. Market Power With governments protection and general tariff set up to protect Malaysias fragile automobile industry, Proton continue to record as one of the most profitable car in Malaysia and continue to profit and churn out new cars almost every year. Some of the best selling models, like the MyVi also continue to generate income to the Proton Holdings. In the early days of Proton, the market share was small compared to the other Japanese made cars which were highly used here. But, by 2002 Proton held a market share of over 60% in Malaysia, which was reduced to barely 30% by 2005 and is expected to reduce further in 2008 when AFTA mandates reduce import tariffs to a maximum of 5%. The national car company, Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional or Proton, was established in the early 1980s as a key component of Malaysias heavy industrialization program. From the onset of the projects implementation, the government tilted playing field in the domestic car market in Protons favor by exempting it from import duties on CKD kits. As a result, Proton was able to sell its cars at prices 20-30 percent cheaper than comparable cars produced by other car assemblers in the country. By the 1990s, Proton had become the dominant car producer in the Malaysian Market. Today, about 75 percent of vehicle sales are controlled by Proton (45 percent) and the second national car company Perodua (30 percent). This dominance was however threatened by Malaysias commitment under the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) agreement to reduce import duties to 20 percent in 2005 and between zeros to five percent in 2008. The implementation of these trade liberalization commitments would seriously affect Protons (and Peroduas) competitiveness vis-à  -vis their competitors. The governments response in 2004 was to raise the excise duties to neutralize the reduction in import duty. The import duty on CKD passenger cars from ASEAN countries were reduced from 42%-80% to 25% while excise duty was increased from 55% to between 60%-100%. For CBU units from ASEAN countries, the import duty was reduced from between 140%-300% to 70%-190% while excise duty was increased by between 60%-100%. The above case illustrates how the impact of trade liberalization (e.g. via import tariff reduction) can be neutralized by the use domestic policies (such as excise tax) by the government to support its industrial policy. In Malaysias case, this strategy is probably an interim strategy aimed at buying some time for restructuring of the national industry. The restructuring, for example, may take the form of a future joint venture with a major foreign car producer. (a) Industrial Policy, Market Entry and Competition: The EON Proton Edar Case Industrial policy may also create anti-competition problems. The recent case of EON vs. Proton Edar illustrates this point. Cars produced by the national car company, Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Berhad (Proton), have been traditionally distributed domestically by two firms, namely, Proton Edar Sdn Bhd (Proton Edar) and Edaran Otomobil Nasional Bhd (EON). EON was established in 1984 as the sole distributor of the national car (Proton Saga). The strategy adopted then was to separate the manufacturing activity from the distribution activity. Proton Edar was established in 1985 and it later evolved into a joint-venture between DRB and Proton Berhad in 1993 to distribute Protons cars (Proton Wira). Proton Edar became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Proton in 2000 and subsequently began to distribute other Proton models (Wira, Perdana and Iswara) that were previously distributed by EON. In the same year, the 10-year distribution agreement between Proton and EON ended. A new dealership agreement have since not been concluded. These changes set the stage for further intensification of the rivalry between EON and Proton Edar to distribute Protons cars. Problems arose with the launching of a new Proton car, namely the Gen.2 on 8th February 2003. Not surprising, Proton chose to initially distribute Gen.2 solely through its wholly-owned subsidiary Proton Edar. In addition, EON will have to obtain its supply of Gen.2 from Proton Edar Proton has also argued that EON should restrict itself to selling a single brand in a single showroom, referring to EONs current practice of selling Protons cars as well as that of Audi and Chevrolet. Anti-competitive conduct is fairly obvious in the EON-Proton Edar case. There is a severe conflict of interest due to Protons ownership of Proton Edar. It is in Protons commercial interest to favor its own subsidiary Proton Edar against EON. This has manifested in Protons conduct to vertically restraint EONs competitiveness by restricting its access to a new product. Worse, EONs only source of supply of the new product is now its rival Proton Edar. Furthermore, Protons insistence on the a single brand in a single showroom distribution policy is akin to market foreclosure to reduce inter-brand competition in the car market. There was no government intervention at the initial stages of these controversies surrounding the EON-Proton Edar case. As the above debate became more public and acrimonious, the government did intervene to hasten both parties to sign a five-year dealership agreement on 2 March 2004. Part of the government ability to intervene in the above case is due to the fact that it is a major shareholder in both Proton and EON. The dealership agreement signed may contain elements that should go under competition policy scrutiny. One such clause is the requirement that EON allocates 70 percent of its servicing capacity to Proton cars. This may be construed as the use of market power by the supplier firm (Proton) to force a buyer firm (EON) to limit the latters ancillary services to other competing suppliers. This is an important issue given the importance of the ancillary services to the actual sale of the primary product (cars). Industrial policy can also restrict competition via the promotion of strong vertically integrated structures. In the Proton case, this took the form of car production and distribution. The absence of a competition law obviously exacerbated these vertical restraint problems. If such a law had existed and if Proton was found to be guilty of anti-competitive conduct, it could have been forced to divests its distribution subsidiary. Furthermore, the government currently regulates these companies via its substantial shareholdings in these companies. If the government were to divest its controlling shareholding in these companies, these companies would need to be regulated by competition laws. Barriers to Entry The barriers to enter the automotive industry are substantial. For a new company, the startup capital required to establish manufacturing capacity to achieve minimum efficient scale is prohibitive. An automotive manufacturing facility is quite specialized and in the event of failure could not be easily retooled. Although the barriers to new companies are substantial, established companies are entering new markets through strategic partnerships or through buying out or merging with other companies. In fact, the barriers to entry for new (or different) markets may be quite low; in the 1980s, U.S. companies Team A 4 practically invited Japanese makers into the U.S. by failing to offer quality vehicles in the lower price markets. All of the large automotive companies have globalize and entered foreign markets with varying degrees of success. In the newer, undeveloped markets of Asia, Africa, and South America, the barriers to entry similarly exist. However, a domestic start up, with local knowledge and expertise, has the potential to compete in its home market against the global firms who are not yet well established there. Such an operation, if successful, would surely be snatched up by one of the global giants and incorporated into its fold. 1. The threat of new entrants in the auto manufacturing industry, this is generally a very low threat. Factors to examine for this threat include all barriers to entry such as upfront capital requirements (it costs a lot to set up a car manufacturing facility), brand equity (a new firm may have none), legislation and government policy (think safety, EPA and emissions), ability to distribute the product 2. The bargaining power of buyers/customers who has ever bought a car without bargaining? In early 1990s especially, Proton dealers were giving great deals to buyers to get the industry moving. While quantity a buyer purchases is usually a good factor in determining this force, even in the automotive industry when buyers only usually purchase one car at a time, they still wield considerable power. However, this may be different in other markets. In Singapore it sure is lower than in the US, creating a more favorable situation for the industry but not the buyers. Generally, however, its safe to say the customers have some buying power, but it depends on the market. 3. The threat of substitute products If buyers can look to the competition or other comparable products, and switch easily (they have low switching costs) there may be a high threat of this force. With new cars, the switching cost is high because you cant sell a brand new car for the same price you paid for it. A P5F analysis of the car industry covers the new market, not used or second-hand. But what about the threat of substitute products before the buyer makes the purchase? You need to know whether the market you are analyzing has many good alternatives to new cars. A vibrant used car market perhaps? Used cars threaten the new market. How about a very good mass-transportation system? Product differentiation is important too. In the car industry, typically there are many cars that are similar just look at any mid-range Toyota and you can easily find a very similar Nissan, Honda, or Mazda. However, if you are looking at amphibious cars, there may be little threat of substitute products (this is an extreme example!). I n Protons case, the substitute of this car remains low as its continuos support from the government being the national car of Malaysia plays an integral part in Protons operations. 4. The amount of bargaining power suppliers have In the car industry this refers to all the suppliers of parts, tires, components, electronics, and even the assembly line workers. We know that some suppliers are small firms who rely on the carmakers, and may only have one carmaker as a client. So this force can be tricky to evaluate. The Proton still commands a relatively stronger market despite the ample suppliers available thanks to the government policy. 5. The intensity of the competitive rivalry We know that in most countries all carmakers are engaged in fierce competition. Tit-for-tat price slashes, ad campaigns, and product developments keep them on the edge of innovation and profitability. Margins are low and pressure between rivals is high. All major car-producing nations experience this

Capital Punishment Essay example -- Papers Death Penalty Argumentative

Capital Punishment Works Cited Not Included Capital Punishment was basically thought of for the good of society. The objective of Capital Punishment is to stop people from committing violent and offensive acts. Capital Punishment or the death penalty has failed however, to prevent or discourage crime. Moreover, it is cruel and gruesome. At present there are five methods of execution. The most commonly used form of execution is by lethal injection. In this method the convict is first injected with sodium thiopental, which puts him to sleep, then he is injected with pavulon, which finally kills him. The next most common method of execution used is electrocution in which the person is tied with leather straps to a chair and electric current of two thousand or more volts is passed through the body. The initial shock of the electricity causes the person’s body to surge forward. The shock burns the internal organs of the person, which leaves them dead. During this process urination, vomiting of blood, change in skin color, and even swelling or burning of the skin may occur. This method of execution is currently used by only eleven states. The third method is gas chamber execution in which hydrochloric acid and potassium is used to kill the convict. One of oldest methods of executions is hanging and last method is b y shooting (Loeb). All the five methods are inhumane and cruel. The convict dies within a few seconds. He never gets the time to realize his mistake, repent over it or to correct it. Killing that person does not kill crime. So, I do not see any purpose of the death penalty. Instead, if the convict is given the punishment of life imprisonment, he has the time to realize his mistakes and correct it in some form. It h... ...in practice. In Great Britain, it was abolished in 1971; France abolished it in 1981. Canada abolished it in 1976. The United Nations General Assembly affirmed in a formal resolution that, throughout the world, it is desirable to â€Å"progressively restrict the number of offenses for which the death penalty might be imposed, with at view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment†(57). Furthermore, the U.S is popular for its justice and respect for human life. Death Penalty does not to with this image of our country. So death penalty abolishment is necessary, to stick to our values and morals. Thus, I hope I have sufficiently tried to prove my view that Capital Punishment is not right. Because it is unfair and unjust; innocent people are executed; it is more expensive than life imprisonment. Therefore it is a highly controversial and emotional subject.

Should Ministers or Senior Bureaucrats Be Held Accountable for the Department?

Collective and Individual Ministerial Responsibility: Should Ministers or Senior Bureaucrats be Held Accountable for the Department? For years, Canadians have stood by and watched as officials of the Canadian government have been questioned, accused and held up for public scrutiny on issues of misappropriation of funds, personal and public scandals, and inappropriate departmental spending of taxpayers’ dollars. In the public eye, Ministers abused their public authority and were inadequately serving the public.Lack of confidence was evident when election time arrived and voter turnout was dismal at best. In 2008, the lowest voter turnout on record was at 58. 8% and most recently, voter turnout has been 61. 4%, the third lowest in Canadian history. Public perception of government, from Prime Minister down to department clerk, has held a lack of confidence. There was a need for enforceable measures to be put in place to make certain responsibility, answerability and accountabilit y were at the forefront of government ministries.Stephen Harper ran his 2006 â€Å"Stand up Canada† campaign stressing accountability in government. â€Å"For those Canadians seeking accountability the question is clear: which party can deliver the change of government that’s needed to ensure political accountability in Ottawa? We need a change of government to replace old style politics with a new vision. We need to replace a culture of entitlement and corruption with a culture of accountability. We need to replace benefits for a privileged few with government for all. † The mantra paid off and the disheveled Liberal party was ousted from power.Prime Minister Harper promised the Canadian people corruption would end and backroom deals would be history. The first bill tabled by the newly-elected Conservative government, Bill C-2, was the Federal Accountability Act, introduced by President of Treasury Board, John Baird, and was passed by the House of Commons on Ju ne 22, 2006, by the Senate on November 9, 2006, and granted royal assent on December 12, 2006. The Act and Action Plan provided conflict of interest rules, restrictions on election financing and measures respecting administrative transparency, oversight and accountability.Based on Britain’s Westminster model for responsible government, Canada’s Parliament has a responsibility to hold the government to account, as well as all Ministers, collectively and individually. While senior bureaucrats in public service are not directly accountable to Legislature, they are directly accountable to superiors of their department, internal government authorities, and the courts. Accountability should be the responsibility of those who have the greatest opportunity to control departmental situations.Therefore, it is not reasonable to blame Ministers for the actions of their Department, as it is the Deputy Ministers and Senior Bureaucrats who run the day to day operations of Ministerial departments and influence not only the development of policy, but the implementation of policy. At the root of Canada’s parliamentary structure is the British model for a responsible government known as the Westminster model, whereby a Cabinet Minister bears the ultimate responsibility for actions of his Ministry or department.Before a law can be passed, the symbolic monarch, in Canada’s case the Queen, a lower house of members elected by citizens and the upper house of appointed members, must approve legislation. The principle of a collective agreement remains, regardless of how legislation procedures may vary. This doctrine is the principle for a responsible government and accountability is essential to guarantee that an elected official is answerable for actions made. There is no common model for accountability however the Westminster system relies on Ministers being accountable in the House of Commons and to the electorate.The functioning of government management depends on the democratic principle of accountability for all elected officials. Ministers are career politicians and hold the majority of power and authority within the democratic government, after the Prime Minister. At the top of the hierarchy, in the Westminster model, is the Minister, followed by the Deputy Minister, departmental management and then front line public servants. Accountability flows upward and the degree of responsibility depends on how much authority has been delegated to a particular individual within the organization.Accountability enforces and enhances responsibility. Being able to understand each official’s responsibilities, one must recognize there are different components to consider. There are two different types of Ministerial responsibility, collective and individual. These two terms are â€Å"separate but interrelated unwritten rules of behaviour in the operation of parliamentary government. † Collective Ministerial responsibility is a co nstitution convention that dictates the prime Minister and the Cabinet must publicly support all government decisions, or suppress any criticism.In any case a Minister cannot hold true to this, they must object and ask the governor general for the act of ending parliament, if the House of Commons passes a vote of non-confidence. If they are not willing to endure this process, they must announce their resignation. On the other hand, individual responsibility refers to a Minister who holds a Cabinet office, which has the obligation to take responsibility of the policies they introduced. The responsibility still has to be accepted by the Minister â€Å"even if the minster did not approve an action in advance or had no knowledge of it. In a â€Å"nutshell† it means, â€Å"the minster is responsible for everything done in the department. † Major components of individual responsibility consist that Ministers will be held accountable or even forced to resign if any serious a dministrative errors occur within their department. Another traditional component is that the Minister must summarize and be willing to support the actions, to the presence of parliament, which his or her department is pursuing. Governments tend to be left with the messy, complex, and difficult jobs – and the messy, complex, and difficult results are harder to define and measure. † It is hard to pinpoint responsibility in the government, whether it be collectively or individually, because there will always be criticism and complexities arising within parliament due to the difficulty in these jobs. Black and white answers are non-existent when it comes to implementation of policies and procedures on how to run the government and attend to the public.The reasoning behind it is due to the fact that one cannot judge or assess the exact results that will affect both the short and long term outcomes. The path for finding the individual(s) who must be held accountable for said actions may be described as being intricate, because of the difficulty of first finding who is responsible. When looking at the hierarchy within the government, you realize senior bureaucrats have more authority than you are lead to believe.Stephen Harper has tried to pursue to answer these black and white answers by taking the steps to distinguish and strengthen responsibility. Some of Stephen Harper’s initiatives in â€Å"Stand up for Accountability† were strengthen auditing and accountability within departments. The sponsorship scandal first came to light in an internal audit – an audit that the Liberals initially tried to cover up. Under the Liberals, the lines between Ministers and non-partisan civil servants have been blurred, and clear lines of accountability need to be re-established.The Conservative government will give the Comptroller general overall authority for internal audit function in each government department, designate the Deputy Minister of each government department or agency as the Accounting Officer for that department, which that Deputy will be responsible to Parliament for the departmental spending and administrative practices of his or her department. Also, in the event of a disagreement between a Minister and Deputy Minister on a matter of administration, the Minister must provide written instruction to the Deputy Minister and notify the Auditor General and Comptroller General of the disagreement.The position of Deputy Minister in the Canadian government is one of the most contentious and vital appointments. Their responsibilities are both political and non-partisan as they function between the non-partisan civil service and the political realm of executive and elected officials and executives. Deputy Ministers are accountable to the Minister, the government, their Ministry, agencies, and Parliament. They provide Ministers advice that comes from the civil service, and they also â€Å"carry out† any delega tions of authority that come from the Minister.Appointment to Deputy Minister is at the Prime Minister’s discretion and likewise, being relieved of their duties is the same, at the Prime Minister’s discretion. Senior bureaucrats service the government and as one Deputy Minister stated, â€Å"As soon as he assumes his duties, the Minister signs a delegation of authority for me, and then I become the person responsible to him†¦ and the person in command. † It is a â€Å"relationship full of paradoxes. † â€Å"The most important player in the Canadian political system† are â€Å"extremely busy people. â€Å"Dealing with Prime Minister’s priorities, implementing the government’s agenda, protecting the Minister, networking with other deputies, the provincial governments, and the department’s stakeholders, articulating and promoting the department’s interests, as well as managing political crises can consume much of a D eputy’s ten to twelve hours. † Accountability is always a topic for discussion as senior bureaucrats hinge between political and non-partisan. What is clear is that, â€Å"Deputy Ministers are not accountable to the public or to Parliament. They are accountable to the Prime Minister, and to a lesser extent their Minister, the clerk of the Privy Council, the Treasury Board, and the Public Service Commission. † Overall, [for Deputy Ministers] â€Å"the lines of accountability are not clear nor are performance measurements, despite extensive literature that shows how difficult it is to evaluate performance in government. † Government hierarchy stature insists that the higher power be held accountable, although it should not always be the case.Cabinet Minister, appointed by the Governor General on behalf of the Queen, are the head of government departments. Each department has some type of specialization, whether it is law, trade, foreign affairs, or finance. These members of parliament are chosen for their portfolio because they are supposed to be the â€Å"best qualified† to assist the prime Minister in running the country of Canada. However, the reality is that most are chosen either because of a personal relationship with the prime Minister, or because they lend the right balance to the Cabinet as far as ethnicity, gender or geographic location.As a result, the Minister’s appointment can be disguised as â€Å"qualified† thus leaving the Canadian people with a false hope that they are right for the job. Most Cabinet Ministers are not qualified to handle the department, mentally or intellectually, and rely heavily on the Deputy Minister to handle the day-to-day operations. â€Å"It is Deputies and not Ministers who actually manage the departments of government. And that’s the way it should be. Ministers have neither the time nor (as a rule) the skills to manage large institutions. Furthermore, senior bureau crats hold office impartially, over the years serving different political parties, and are qualified bureaucrats with a considerable amount of knowledge, experience and time served. Regardless of who is in office, a Deputy Minister must be neutral and non-partisan in order to get all bureaucrats to achieve the goals of the Minister and the ruling party. As leading management under the Minister, there is ample opportunity and authority for senior bureaucrats to alter the vision bestowed upon the department by the Minister and change opinions and actions of the other bureaucrats.Senior bureaucrats are allocated to manage and administer directly under the law, because of these expectations, Parliament should hold them accountable for the performance of their duties and implementing their authority. The article about authority and accountability has given great insight and is the most compelling when determining how officials are elected and the real responsibilities each department/ind ividuals carry. Not only does the article show the specific details to being a Cabinet Minister, but also talks about the civil servants and the Privy Council Office.The Privy Council Office (PVO) is the highest ranking bureaucratic agency in Canada, very important and powerful, and the Clerk of the Privy Council, known as the â€Å"Secretary to Cabinet† is head of the public service of Canada. The Clerk serves as the â€Å"spokesman of the bureaucracy† to the executive branch in the Canadian government and is appointed by the Prime Minister. One duty is to swear in the Prime Minister, which is somewhat of a symbolic gesture confirming the relationship between the two offices.Like the Deputy Ministers, the Privy Council Office is supposed to be non-partisan, and their advice and recommendations are technical and professional in nature. The Prime Minister is not always in favor of the PVO and has his own alternative organization, the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) , headed by the Prime  Minister’s  Chief of Staff, which advises and coordinates the Cabinet and bureaucracy mostly on the basis  of ideology, partisanship, political strategy and public image.Since the PVO and the PMO have two significantly different objectives, it is safe to say the two networks of advisers do not always get along. The PMO has eclipsed the PCO in terms of relevance and power, and the question is whether the era of non-partisan advisers is over. Much of this was due to the perception amongst many in the public, and some members of parliament, that â€Å"the executive had rule over Parliament, but the civil service had rule over the executive. â€Å"Governments indiscriminately added functions, tasks, and accountability requirements to the machinery of governments without rewriting the traditional bargain. † Further, â€Å"governments now tend to concentrate some policy and decision-making authority with a few key officials, who carry an unmana geable burden, but they also defuse authority on other issues to the point that accountability evaporates. † The problem can be summarized as follows: â€Å"Political and policy actors have lost the sense of the traditional space that they are expected to occupy.MPs no longer call the government to account; Ministers are not making policy; the prime Minister, the Prime Minister’s Office, the Privy Council Office, and a handful of senior Ministers now fill more functions than they should; and the public service is increasingly uncertain about its role in policy and management. † Bureaucrats administer and implement the laws and policies of the Government of Canada and, in that capacity, should not act unethically even if they believe what they are doing is justifiable.The sponsorship scandal, under the Liberal Government, was a good indicator that the public does not accept anyone in power act unethically in order to promote unity amongst the nation. Canadians wer e outraged that trust was abused and ending the Liberal reign sent a loud message that the end does not justify the means when tampering with public interest. Bureaucrats have to embrace their role and not blindly follow their Minister’s wishes or never say anything negative about the position they hold. Senior bureaucrats need to be accountable for their actions and their recommendations.If they come under fire, they cannot be shuffled off to another Ministry until the storm passes and they cannot hid behind their superior to take blame for wrongdoings they may have initiated or caused. As the Clerk of the Privy Council observed in the Twelfth Annual Report to the Prime Minister on the Pubic Service of Canada, â€Å"We cannot tolerate breaches of the law or of our core value and ethics†¦but we cannot build systems based on distrust. We cannot go backwards, building layers of hierarchy and rules governing each transaction. And we cannot treat all errors the same way.Err ors made in good faith are inevitable, especially in an organization that values innovation and creativity. Accountability requires that we report honestly and accurately, including the errors, and demonstrate that we have learned from the mistakes and have made the necessary adjustments. But accountability cannot become mere blaming. † Evidently, Canadians are concerned with the accountability held within the government. Although there are a number of institutional checks and preventive measure, they lack improvement and overall outcomes.Other counties have tampered and improved their accountability through various laws and initiative, logically Canadian should consider replicating their process. Thus, government individuals should be held responsible and ultimately accountable if they have the best opportunity to alter their department substantially. Through various studies, one can conclude that senior bureaucrats are the ideal representatives to impose and instill changes within their departments, as well as the whole government.Senior bureaucrats have three main ethical responsibilities as public servants: First, they are responsible to act non-partisan when carrying out or implementation of policies. Second, they are seen as trustees for the Canadian citizens and, therefore, they have a fiduciary responsibility not to abuse their trust. Third, their duty is to account for both their activities and decisions. It is extremely easy for the public to make Minister’s obvious scapegoats and set them up for criticism and ridicule due to their position on the hierarchy.As depicted, senior bureaucrats are the officials with the most responsibility and hands-on participation within their department, managing personnel, implementing policies and ensuring the public interest’s are met on a daily basis. Regardless of how long a Minister holds his portfolio or is in power, it is the senior bureaucrat who maintains their position and ensures their M inister is held in high esteem with informed and experienced expertise about departmental operations.Through traces of systematic accountability, failures demonstrated within the government leads one to conclude that the political outcomes remain the same because the solutions come from the same sphere. Work Cited Barker, P. 2008. Public Administration in Canada. (Breif ed. , p. 75). Thomson Canada Limited Bourgault, Jacques. â€Å"The Deputy Minister’s Role in the Government of Canada:? His responsibilities and His Accountability. Ottawa: Commission of Inquiry into the Sponsorship Program and Advertising Activities, 2006 â€Å"Federal Accountability Act. † Department of Justice. (2006). http://laws-lois. ustice. gc. ca/eng/acts/F-5. 5/page-1. html (accessed July 12, 2012). Harper, Stephen. â€Å"Conservative Party of Canada Federal Election Platform. † Stand Up for Canada. (2006). http://www. cbc. ca/canadavotes2006/leadersparties/pdf/conservative_platform2006 0113. pdf (accessed July 7, 2012). â€Å"Leadership of the Prime Minister's Office. † Parliament of Canada. (1867). http://www. parl. gc. ca/parlinfo/compilations/federalgovernment/PrincipalSecretaries. aspx (accessed July 14, 2012). Mitchell, James. â€Å"Authority and Accountability: Reflections on the Gomery Project. † Authority and Accountability. 2006). https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:GOZMy1NFFsgJ:www. sussexcircle. com/pdf/020-Authority&Accountability. pdf &hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjm7kZ3AA0QiX70tXxByNLjoEbXx0roBI3x9NvKnl8a8JMKU1107T1MOioQzsFdHy4cuUndPyvRd5vGwvZohdqmZCzpqAEA8Zr4q3TQfRyXWivb90p3DMRRJRRd6ykvc8AXwm6z&sig=AHIEtbRagPHJJ_7fhv5zDOT9NC8IwgwrGw (accessed July 11, 2012). Mulgan, Richard . â€Å"The accountability of Community Sector Agencies: a comparative framework. † (2001). http://www. hapinternational. org/pool/files/acctcommsect. pdf (accessed July 11, 2012). Pomfret, R. Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendumsâ₠¬ . Elections Canada Online. Elections Canada. (accessed February 10, 2012). Savoie, Donald. Breaking the Bargain: Public Servants, Ministers, and Parliament. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. â€Å"Twelfth annual report to the Prime Minister on the Public Service of Canada. † Clerk of the Privy Council. (2005). http://www. clerk. gc. ca/eng/feature. asp? mode=preview;pageId=201 (accessed July 12, 2012). ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Pomfret, R. â€Å"Voter Turnout at Federal Elections and Referendums†.Elections Canada Online. Elections Canada. Retrieved February 10, 2012. [ 2 ]. Harper, Stephen. â€Å"Conservative Party of Canada Federal Election Platform. † Stand Up for Canada. (2006). http://www. cbc. ca/canadavotes2006/leadersparties/pdf/conservative_platform20060113. pdf (accessed July 7, 2012). [ 3 ]. â€Å"Federal Accountability Act. † Depar tment of Justice. (2006). http://laws-lois. justice. gc. ca/eng/acts/F-5. 5/page-1. html (accessed July 12, 2012). [ 4 ]. â€Å"Federal Accountability Act. † Department of Justice. (2006). http://laws-lois. justice. gc. ca/eng/acts/F-5. 5/page-1. html (accessed